This study was conducted to evaluate the present status of management and biosecurity practices in broiler and layer farms in Khartoum North, Sudan, and to compare between the biosecurity practices in broiler and layer farms. The primary information included farm characteristics, technical management practices and biosecurity practices carried out in each of these farms. A total of 30 farms (20 broilers and 10 layers) were chosen from Khartoum North .The data were collected using structured questionnaire. The respondents were farm owners, farm managers, and veterinarians. The results showed that the broiler farms had a higher level of biosecurity than the layer farms. The average mortality of the broiler house was 5.5% when compared with 6.45% of the layer, type of bedding material 100% for broiler compering with 70% for layer, close system in the farm visited are 60% and 30% in broiler and layer the biosecurity levels were regarded as high in the chicken meat sector but no assessment was made on the chicken egg sector due to a low response rate and high level of rodent and insect control. In addition, the results indicated that broiler and layer farms do not allow for visitors to enter of about 60% and 40% respectively. Only 10% of visitors change their cloths for layer farms compared with 45% for broiler farms, while 60% and 40% have no animal restriction policy

This study was carried out to assess the extent of quality deteriorations of eggs sold at Sabrin market, Omdurman and to determine their suitability for human consumption. Hundred eggs produced by Bovans white breed (fifty eggs from the farm and another fifty eggs from an ordinary shop in Sabrin market) in Omdurman North locality were collected and divided into 5 groups each containing 20 eggs. Group one was tested at the time of collection. Each of the rest 4 groups was further subdivided into 2 groups, one stored in a refrigerator and the other under room temperature. Eggs in each group were subjected to quality measurements at the end of week one, two, three and four. Egg weight, shell strength, albumin height and Haugh unit were the parameters measured to test the effects of storage on table egg quality. Results showed significant differences between eggs obtained from the poultry farm and those collected from Sabrin market in egg weight, albumen height and Haugh unit during the different period of storage. No difference in egg shell strength between treatments was seen. The study concluded that eggs sold at open markets such as Sabrin market may have low quality questioning their suitability for human consumption.

Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is currently one of the most important diseases in poultry flocks all over the world causes huge economic losses in poultry industry. Many IBV outbreaks associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortalities were attributed to the circulation of new nephropathogenic IBV variant 2 strains. This study was conducted to development of bivalent inactivated IBV vaccine by using the local classical and variant isolates (KP279995/2014 and KP279998/2014 respectively) which isolated from poultry farms in Egypt as previous surveillance study during IBV outbreak from Al-Sharkia and Al-Qalubia governorates. The locally prepared vaccine formulated by using formalin for inactivation and MontanideTM ISA71 RVG as oil adjuvant. The prepared bivalent inactivated (IBV) vaccine was tested for sterility, safety and potency, the efficacy of the prepared vaccine was applied in specific pathogen free chicks (SPF) for monitoring the antibody titers by using of Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) post vaccination with estimation of shedding parameters by Real-Time RT-PCR in challenging birds with 104.5EID50/dose challenge IBV strains (classical and/or variant). The results revealed that the prepared vaccine free from any bacterial or mycotic contamination also safe after double dose inoculation in SPF chicks. The efficacy of inactivated vaccine showed from 92% to 96% protection against homologous challenge based on assessment parameters. This confirms that poultry industry can be protected from IB disease if using locally isolates in preparing of inactivated vaccine which reduce the economic losses caused by IB infection viruses in Egypt.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of pigeon pox (PP) vaccine in improvement the required immunity to avian influenza (AI) virus vaccine in birds and reducing its shedding after challenge was the object of this study.Specific pathogen free chicks were vaccinated with PP and AI in 10 groups at 5 and/or 8 days of age and/or boosted after 35 days then challenged after 28 days with virulent highly pathogenic AI virus local Egyptian field isolate. The development of immune responses to AI haemagglutinine was recorded and also AI virus shedding after challenge.Vaccinated 10 groups induced protective immune responses; especially in the groups which were boosterly vaccinated with PP vaccine. All birds vaccinated and experimentally challenged 28 days later were protected against virulent AI (H5N1); mild clinical signs of infection developed in few number of vaccinated birds. In contrast, all unvaccinated birds died within 72 hours of challenge. Vaccination of chicks with PP and AI vaccines provided good effectiveness of the PP vaccine on the immune response of vaccinated birds with AI vaccine and showed decreasing in shedding after challenge; especially in the groups which take a booster vaccination of PP and AI vaccine. Although eradication still remain the 1st of choice for controlling the AI in the circumstances of a continuing and wide spread outbreak, but also the availability of new designing future vaccination regime by using avipox virus vaccine should be applied.

Diarrhea is a major clinical problem affecting foals and horses at different ages which can be fatal and cause great economic losses particularly in foals. The aim of this study was to identify Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile involved in enteric infections and the associated virulence factors in diarrheic foals and horses. Thirty fecal samples were examined for identification of C.perfringens and C.difficile (bacteriological culturing, microscopical examination, count and molecular detection). C.perfringens was isolated from young horses less than 6 months age in an incidence of 46.7% with count ranged from 1.3×104- 5.6×108 cfu/g, while from horses of 6 months to one year, it was 20% with count ranged from 1.7×104- 1.9×106 cfu/g, on the other hand, 13.3% with count ranged from 1.4×103- 2.5×104 cfu/g was the incidence of C.perfringens in horse more than one year. C. difficile was not detected in all examined samples. C.perfringens type A was the most predominant type detected in an incidence of 58.3% then type B (4.7%). All C.perfringens isolates were sensitive to penicillin, nitromedazole, fluramfenicole and ceftiofur and all are resistant to oxytetracycline. Based on the high count, eight C.perfringens isolates were chosen to be molecular characterized for the presence of some virulence factor genes which included ; cpa, cpb2, cpe and netF toxin genes. All examined isolates have cpa (alpha) and cpb2 (beta 2) toxin genes, 5/8 isolates were found to have netF gene while only 2 isolates harbored cpe (enterotoxin gene). C. difficile tpi gene was not detected in all examined samples (10). This study may throw the light on the synergistic effect of ß2 and net F toxins together with alpha toxin on induction of enterocolitis in horse.

This study was conducted to evaluate the present status of management and biosecurity practices in broiler and layer farms in Khartoum North, Sudan, and to compare between the biosecurity practices in broiler and layer farms. The primary information included farm characteristics, technical management practices and biosecurity practices carried out in each of these farms. A total of 30 farms (20 broilers and 10 layers) were chosen from Khartoum North .The data were collected using structured questionnaire. The respondents were farm owners, farm managers, and veterinarians. The results showed that the broiler farms had a higher level of biosecurity than the layer farms. The average mortality of the broiler house was 5.5% when compared with 6.45% of the layer, type of bedding material 100% for broiler compering with 70% for layer, close system in the farm visited are 60% and 30% in broiler and layer the biosecurity levels were regarded as high in the chicken meat sector but no assessment was made on the chicken egg sector due to a low response rate and high level of rodent and insect control. In addition, the results indicated that broiler and layer farms do not allow for visitors to enter of about 60% and 40% respectively. Only 10% of visitors change their cloths for layer farms compared with 45% for broiler farms, while 60% and 40% have no animal restriction policy

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the major health problem that resulted from uses of many drugs especially from serious adverse effect of antituberculosis (ATT) drugs. forty eight rats (200-250g) were allocated into six groups (8 rats in each group), and treated as follow: group I: received normal saline orally; group II: received INH/RFP (50 mg/Kg/day of each) for 28 days orally; group III: received Silymarin (50 mg/kg/day) + INH/RFP for 28 days orally; group IV: received SNME(250 mg/Kg/day) + INH/RFP for 28 days orally; group V: received SNME (500 mg/Kg/day) + INH/RFP for 28 days orally; group VI, received SNME (1000 mg/Kg/day) + INH/RFP for 28 days orally. Co-administration of herbal plant (SNME) with INH/RFP reduced elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and (bilirubin total &direct) levels but also decreased the elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) & tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) contents in liver homogenate. Moreover, co-administration of herbal plant (SNME) with INH/RFP increased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) & adiponectin activity. Solanum nigrum administration to rats, in present study, led to a remarkable alteration of histological changes observed in INH/RFP group. It is concluded that Solanum nigrum might be considered as adjuvant drug in treatment of liver disorder and/or as hepatoprotective therapy with anti-tubercular drugs.

The present study aimed to prepare a combined inactivated pneumo-4 vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhoea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), parainfluenza-3(PI-3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) adjuvanted with carbomere and compare the animal protection scope with its product mate Pneumo-4 adjuvanted alhydragel . Carbomere adjuvant stimulated higher levels and longer lasting antibody to pneumo-4 vaccine than vaccines of equivalent antigenic content containing aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant. Quality control results proved that the pneumo-4 vaccine adjuvanted either by aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant or carbomere (different concentration 0.2,0.5 and0.8 %) was pure and completely safe to be used in calves without any abnomalities.Potency test was performed on five groups of five calves for each group,Where the first group was vaccinated with pneumo-4 vaccine adjuvant with carbomere 0.2(formula 2), second group was vaccinated with pneumo-4 vaccine adjuvant with carbomere 0.5 (formula 3), third group was vaccinated with pneumo-4 vaccine adjuvant with carbomere 0.8(formula 4),,The fourth group vaccinated with pneumo-4 vaccine with aluminum hydroxide gel(formula 1), and the fifth last group was left as non vaccinated control group.compared humoral immune response using serum neutralization and ELISA expressed by neutralization index of different vaccine formulation was revealed that The prepared pneumo-4 vaccine adjuvant with carbomere 0.5 proved to be highly potent formmula along 6 month after second booster dose applying. Also pneumo-4 vaccine adjuvant with carbomere was showed cellular immunity reaction higer than pneumo-4 vaccine with aluminum hydroxide gel using Estimation of nitric oxide activity test.

In general, the Iraqi farmers of breeding and fattening of sheep using a broad-spectrum antibiotics like tetracycline and aminoglycosides family for treatment and prophylaxis without considering to the withdrawal periods of these drugs before slaughtering the animals. The aim of the present study was to determine the residues of streptomycin (member of aminoglycosides group) in sheep meat and edible tissues using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. A total of 88 samples including longissimus dorsi, diaphragmatic muscles, liver and kidney were collected from 22 sheep carcasses slaughtered in Duhok abattoir, Kurdistan, Iraq. The result revealed that streptomycin residues were found in 12 samples (54.5%) of the sheep carcasses distributed as following 36.36 %, 45.45 %, 22.72 % and 50 % of Longissimus dorsi, diaphragm muscle, liver and kidney samples., respectively. The minimal streptomycin concentration in ovine meat samples was 3.001 ppb and the maximum concentration was 690.307 ppb. The results of this study show that sheep meat, which is sold in Dohuk governorate, often contains the residues of antibiotics due to slaughtered animals might have been treated with veterinary drugs and the proper withdrawal period was not respected before slaughtering.

Due to direct economic repercussions on livestock and indirect consequences for human health, knowing the prevalence rates of bovine tuberculosis is essential to define an effective control strategy. Our study was performed in 32 dairy cattle farms as we subjected 10800 dairy cattle to the Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin skin Test (SICTT). The skin test was interpreted according to guidelines of the World Organization for animal health (OIE). Twenty five farms (78%) have reactors to the SICTT. We also studied the relation between physiological variables with breeds, pregnancy, lactation, size of farms and the other risk factors explained in the study. Out of the 10800 tested animals, 228 (2.1%) were reactors to the skin test. The factors identified as possibly enhancing the risk of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) were herd size, age of animal, farming (housing) conditions. Other factors including breed and physiological status of the animal did not contribute to tuberculin sensitivity. The finding that large size and intensively (often poorly) managed herds were at greater risk of bovine tuberculosis and suggests that significance of bTB is increasing in Egypt parallel to an increase in the dairy operation. This surely indicates that if measures are not taken promptly, the impact of the economy and public health could be enormous. It was concluded that bTB continues to infect animals in Egypt but the prevalence was moderate, nevertheless the continued threat of economic loss in animal industry due to the persistence of bTB that should not be ignored.

The experiment has been conducted to study the role of taurine of the concentration (0.5 & 1%) in the performance of the male reproductive system of rats that are exposed to oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide for six weeks. 32 albino adult male rats aged (12-14) weeks and weighing (252.3 +/- 27.08 gram), divided into four groups: Control Group:- this group is given natural water. Group (2): treated with (H2O2, 0.5%) in drinking water. Group (3): treated with (H2O2, 0.5%) by taurine (0.5%) in drinking water. Group (4): treated with (H2O2, 0.5%) by taurine (1%) in drinking water. The results reveal that this exposure with (0.5 % H2O2) has led to an significant decrease in the body weight and the ano – genital distance, the percentage weight of the testicles, head and tail of eqididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, the percentage of live sperms, the number of Legdig and Sertoli cells, as well as the significant increase in the percentage of abnormal sperms and an significant decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules. Treatment with taurine (0.5 & 1%) has led to an significant improvement in the body weight, ano-genital distance, the percentage of the testicles weight, head and tail of eqididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, the percentage of live sperms, the number of Legdig and Sertoli cells, as well as the significant decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperms and an significant increase in the diameter of seminiferous tubules in comparison with the treatment group by hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with taurine (1%) has led to an significant improvement of the sperm count and the percentage weight of the head and tail of the epididymis as well as the number of Legdig and Sertoli cells compared with the control group and the group of taurine (0.5%).